Smaller Larger

Conditions InDepth: Low Back Pain and Sciatica by Debra Wood, RN

Low Back Pain

Low back pain is an ache or discomfort in the lower part of the spinal column. It may radiate down into one or both legs. The lower spinal column consists of small, stacked bones (the vertebrae) that surround and protect the spinal cord and nerves.

Cross-section of Vertebral Canal with Spinal Cord in the Center

There are many possible causes for low back pain, including:

Sprain or strain of muscles or ligaments in the area
Herniated disc or ruptured disc—the cushions between the bones of the spine bulge out of place as a result of age-related changes or trauma.
Disc degeneration—caused by arthritis or aging
Lumbar spinal stenosis —bony narrowing of the spinal canal in the low back area
Spondylolisthesis —slippage of one bone over another, causing stretching or pinching of nerves
Fractures due to trauma or osteoporosis
Fibromyalgia —a condition that causes muscle aches and fatigue
Ankylosing spondylitis —a disorder that causes spine stiffness and arthritis (believed to be hereditary)
In rare cases,
- Benign or malignant tumors
- Infections
- Arterial problems, such as hardening of the arteries

Lumbar Disc Herniation With Pinching of Spinal Nerve

Sciatica

Sciatica is irritation of the sciatic nerve. It leads to pain that starts in the lower back and spreads to the buttocks and down the back of each thigh. The sciatic nerve is composed of several nerve roots that start from the lower part of the spinal cord. These nerves form a network that lead to individual nerves. These nerve bundles travel deep in the pelvis to the lower buttocks. From there, the nerve passes along the back of each upper leg and divides at the knee into branches that go to the feet.

Anything that causes irritation or puts pressure on the sciatic nerve can cause sciatica, including:

Herniated disc (ruptured or slipped disc)
Disc degeneration
Spinal stenosis
Spondylolisthesis
In rare cases:
- Benign or malignant tumors
- Infections

Low back pain is very common. Over the course of a lifetime, almost 80% of Americans will suffer from at least one episode of back pain. Every year, about 15%-20% of the adults in the United States will report back pain. Most back pain gets better with time. About 5% to 10% of patients will continue to have pain for longer than three months.

What are the risk factors for low back pain and sciatica? | What are the symptoms of low back pain and sciatica? | How are low back pain and sciatica diagnosed? | What are the treatments for low back pain and sciatica? | Are there screening tests for low back pain and sciatica? | How can I reduce my risk of low back pain and sciatica? | What questions should I ask my doctor? | What is it like to live with sciatica? | Where can I get more information about low back pain and sciatica?

Sources:

Acute low back pain. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed . Updated September 19, 2012. Accessed October 10, 2012.
Chronic low back pain. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed . Updated September 19, 2012. Accessed October 10, 2012.
Low back pain. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons website. Available at: http://orthoinfo.aaos.org/topic.cfm?topic=a00311 . Updated May 2009. Accessed October 10, 2012.
Pain. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke website. Available at: http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/chronic_pain/detail_chronic_pain.htm#Spine . Updated September 19, 2012. Accessed October 10, 2012.
Sciatica. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed . Updated August 26, 2012. Accessed October 10, 2012.

Last reviewed March 2013 by Rimas Lukas, MD

All EBSCO Publishing proprietary, consumer health and medical information found on this site is accredited by URAC. URAC's Health Web Site Accreditation Program requires compliance with 53 rigorous standards of quality and accountability, verified by independent audits. To send comments or feedback to our Editorial Team regarding the content please email us at HLEditorialTeam@ebscohost.com.

This content is reviewed regularly and is updated when new and relevant evidence is made available. This information is neither intended nor implied to be a substitute for professional medical advice. Always seek the advice of your physician or other qualified health provider prior to starting any new treatment or with questions regarding a medical condition.