Sprain by Robert E. Leach, MD

En Español (Spanish Version)

Definition | Causes | Risk Factors | Symptoms | Diagnosis | Treatment | Prevention

Definition

A sprain is an injury that damages a ligament. A ligament is a firm, fibrous band of tissue. It connects two bones across a joint. There are ligaments crossing all of the joints in the body. Grade 1 and 2 sprains damage only the internal structure of a ligament. The ligament remains intact. Grade 1 is less severe than grade 2. Grade 3 sprains result in complete tears of the involved ligament. Grade 3 sprains are sometimes called torn or ruptured ligaments.

Causes

A sprain occurs when an external force pushes two bones of a joint apart. If the force continues, the ligament holding the joint together has to give. Most of the time, it gives only partially and is sprained. Sprains occur most often during a sport related activity. They can also happen from accidents in everyday actions.

Risk Factors

Symptoms

Diagnosis

Treatment

Treatment will depend on the joint involved and the extent of the injury. The need for medical help is determined by the amount of pain and swelling. A lack of function in the joint will need medical attention. Treatment may include:

Rest

Stop doing the activity. Protect the joint.

Decrease Swelling

If the leg is involved, elevation will help. Compression of the area with an elastic bandage helps to control swelling. Do not pull the elastic bandage tight. Release the bandage if fingers or toes become numb.

Ice and Heat

Apply ice to the area for 15 minutes, 4-6 times a day for the first 36 hours. Do not apply heat until you are ready to start being more active. Check with your doctor before applying heat. It may increase swelling.

Medications

Pain medicines, such as aspirin or Tylenol , may be needed. Some doctors recommend anti-inflammatory medicines. Also available are topical pain medicines (eg, creams, patches) that are applied to the skin.

Rehabilitation

As sprains begin to recover, rehab exercises are often helpful. These will help to strengthen muscles and increase range of motion. Medical help is often needed at this stage. It is very important to strengthen the muscles involving the joint where the ligament is. Those muscles are protection against further injury.

Prevention

It may be difficult to avoid sprains. Joints are at risk during athletic activities. Proper technique can help avoid awkward motions and missteps.

Thorough professional rehab of a sprained joint may reduce the risk of a later resprain. Rehab should be done with a certified athletic trainer or physical therapist. To avoid spraining a previously sprained joint, you may also wear a brace or tape the injured joint. See a healthcare professional for advice on braces and taping.