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Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infections by Patricia Griffin Kellicker, BSN

Definition

A central line-associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) occurs when bacteria enters the bloodstream through a central line catheter . A central line catheter is a long, thin tube that is inserted through a vein until it reaches a larger vein close to the heart. It is used to deliver medicine, nutrition, IV fluids, and chemotherapy .

Chemotherapy Through the Bloodstream

If bacteria start to grow on the central line catheter, they can easily enter the blood and cause a serious infection. This can lead to a condition called sepsis , which occurs when bacteria overwhelm the body. If you suspect you have this condition, call your doctor right away.

Causes

Bacteria normally live on the skin. These bacteria will sometimes track along the outside of the catheter. From the catheter, they can get into the bloodstream.

Risk Factors

These factors increase your chance of developing a CLABSI:

Having a catheter for a very long time
Having a catheter that is not coated with an antimicrobial (a substance that kills bacteria)
Having a catheter inserted into a vein in the thigh
Having a weakened immune system
Being in the intensive care unit
Having an infection elsewhere in the body or skin

Symptoms

If you have any of these symptoms, do not assume it is due to CLABSI. These symptoms may be caused by other conditions. Tell your doctor if you have any of these:

Fever
Chills
Fast heart rate
Redness, swelling, or tenderness at the catheter site
Drainage from catheter site

Diagnosis

Your doctor will ask about your symptoms and medical history and perform a physical exam.

Tests may include the following:

Blood tests and cultures—to check blood cells and to check if bacteria are present
Other cultures— urine , sputum , and/or skin to test for infection
Echocardiogram —to check the heart to see if bacteria have reached the heart valves

Treatment

Talk with your doctor about the best treatment plan for you. Treatment options include the following:

Antibiotics—Antibiotics are medicines used to treat an infection. The kind of antibiotic you will be given depends on which bacteria is found in your blood.
Central line care—Often, the central line catheter will need to be removed and replaced by a new catheter.

Prevention

At the Hospital

When you are getting a central line placed, the staff will take the following steps to reduce your risk of infection:

Carefully choose a safe site to insert the catheter.
Thoroughly wash their hands or use a hand sanitizer.
Wear surgical gowns, masks, gloves, and hair coverings.
Clean the area with antiseptic cleanser.
Place a sterile sheet over you.

After the central line is in place, the staff will:

Thoroughly wash their hands and wear gloves before touching the catheter or changing the bandage over the catheter.
Use an antiseptic to clean the catheter opening.
Take precautions when handling medicine, fluid, or nutrition that will be delivered through the catheter.
Keep the catheter in place only as long as it is needed.
Check the catheter and insertion site daily for signs of infection.
Not allow visitors in your hospital room when the bandage is being changed.

There are also steps that you can take to reduce your risk of infection:

Ask the staff to take every precaution to prevent an infection.
Tell the staff right away if the bandage needs to be changed or if the site is red or sore.
Ask everyone entering your hospital room to wash their hands. Do not allow visitors to touch your catheter.

At Home

Follow all instructions concerning your central line.
Learn how to take care of your catheter. Follow these general guidelines:
- Follow specific instructions about showering and bathing.
- Before touching the catheter, wash your hands or use a hand sanitizer. Wear gloves when touching the area.
- Change bandages as directed.
- Wash the catheter caps with an antiseptic.
- Do not allow anyone to touch the catheter or the tube.
- Check the insertion site daily for signs of infection (eg, redness and swelling).
- Call your doctor if you think you have an infection (eg, fever, chills).

RESOURCES:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/
Society of Critical Care Medicine http://www.sccm.org/

CANADIAN RESOURCES:

Communicable Disease Control Unit (Manitoba Health) http://www.gov.mb.ca/health/publichealth/cdc/index.html/
Health Canada http://www.hc-sc.gc.ca/index_e.html/

References:

Central venous catheter. American Thoracic Society website. Available at: http://www.thoracic.org/sections/education/patient-education/patient-information-series/resources/en/central-venous-catheter.pdf . Accessed September 23, 2009.
Central venous catheter. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/dynamed/what.php . Updated September 1, 2009. Accessed September 23, 2009.
FAQs: Catheter-associated bloodstream infections. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/BSI_largertext.pdf . Accessed January 12, 2010.
Marschall J, Mermel LA, Classen D, et al. Strategies to prevent central line-associated bloodstream infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol . 2008;29 Suppl 1:S22-30.
Neff D. Preventing infections during surgery: what hospital staff and patients can do. EBSCO Patient Education Reference Center website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/pointOfCare/perc-about . Updated January 2010. Accessed January 12, 2010.
Professional Guide to Diseases , Ninth Edition. Ambler, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins:2009.
Smith N, Walsh K, and Pravikoff D. Central venous catheter care. EBSCO Nursing Reference Center website. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/thisTopic.php?marketID=16&topicID=860 . Published May 8, 2009. Accessed September 23, 2009.
Wood D. Blood poisoning. EBSCO Health Library. Available at: http://www.ebscohost.com/healthLibrary/ . Last reviewed November 2008. Last updated November 17, 2008. Accessed September 23, 2009.

Last reviewed November 2012 by Marcin Chwistek, MD

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